Niedbalski W. et al.

Recent changes in the global distribution ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are separate but closely related species within the genus Orbivirus and the family Reoviridae (18, 19). These two viruses are genetically distinct and do not cross-react serologically. Both viruses are transmitted by the Culicoides biting midge (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), with different midge species having different levels of competence for the onward transmission of each virus (7). Until now, 27 serotypes of BTV (BTV 1 to BTV 27) and 10 serotypes of EHDV (EHDV 1-8, EHDV-318 and Ibaraki virus) have been serologically identified (3, 22, 45). Genetic diversity within BTV and EHDV species occurs as a consequence of both genetic drift and genetic shift. Genetic shift occurs as a consequence of reassortment of viral genome segments during co-infections of either animals or insect vectors with more than one virus serotype or strain, whereas genetic drift occurs as a consequence of polymerase “infidelity” during... [full text in English...]

Chudy S., et.al.

Colour of milk and milk products in CIE L*a*b* space

Since the colour of objects is a feature originating in human mind, the perception and interpretation of colour remains subjective. An illuminated object reflects light energy, either partially or completely. A reflected electromagnetic wave reaching an observer is captured by the eye, and, after passing the signal to the brain, an impression of colour is generated. An analogous phenomenon is observed during sunbathing. People cannot see solar radiation, but can feel it warming them up – thus an impression of warmth is created in their minds (also subjectively). Since our bodies differ, we experience impressions in different ways. The reception of colours depends on the eye structure, educational background, natural environment and mental aptitude (27, 42). A mood or illness can also affect colours created in the brain ... [full text in English...]

Kowal K. et al.

Analysis of differences in the stability of proteins ...

The genetic information on the structure of 37 genes, i.e. 13 respiratory chain proteins, 22 tRNA molecules, and 2 rRNA molecules, is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains a non-coding region (D-loop), whose length varies among animals. Due to the lack of introns, genes in some organisms overlap, e.g. in humans, the ATP6 and ATP8 genes share 46 nucleotides and the ND4 and ND4L genes share seven nucleotides (2, 8). The length of mtDNA is highly variable in different organisms, ranging from yeasts to higher eukaryotes. However, certain mtDNA properties are conserved, e.g. the presence of genes coding for highly hydrophobic and crucial components of the respiratory chain, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are necessary for protein translation (5). How electron transfer is coupled to proton pumping is a major unresolved question (19). Many metabolic processes, e.g. the Krebs cycle, the urea cycle, or β-oxidation, take place in the mitochondria. Additionally, mitochondria .... [full text in English...]

Baki Acar D.

Evaluation of dog spaying, animal welfare, and dog owner/caretaker ...

There are many studies about companion animal ownership, and the most commonly owned pet species are cats and dogs (3, 5, 11, 24, 37). Dogs are also called ‘man’s best friend’ and regarded as the ideal model of animal companionship (37). Nonetheless, being an owner of a dog is a big responsibility. Millions of dogs are abandoned by the owners or are released to animal shelters due to unwanted litter, behavioral problems such as aggression toward people or other animals, lack of time for the dog, allergies, etc. (31, 34, 36). According to Alexander et al. (2), unwanted litter is the primary reason for relinquishment of dogs. Some owners keep their dogs outdoors, and if these dogs are free-ranging or unneutered, they mate freely. In these circumstances, there is a growing number of unplanned and/or unwanted litters ... [full text in English...]

Frymus J., et. al

Histopathological picture of pancreatic islets...

Besides the normal arterial supply, the liver receives from the portal vein blood containing nutrients from digested food absorbed in the intestines. One of many liver functions is the elimination of toxic substances derived from the gastrointestinal tract. Portosystemic shunt (PSS) is a life threatening condition where due to abnormal connection(s) the portal blood bypasses the liver, thus transporting blood directly to the caudal vena cava. In dogs, it is usually a congenital problem (cPSS) resulting in severe liver dysfunction and complications affecting other organs. The most prominent are clinical signs from the gastrointestinal tract – vomiting and diarrhea – but also from the urinary system, like polydipsia, polyuria, and urolithliasis (3). Usually they are accompanied by neurological disorders resulting from hepatic encephalopathy, which develops due to the increasing concentrations of certain neurotoxins in the blood, predominantly ammonia ....
[full text in English...]

Demiaszkiewicz A. W., et. al

Parasitological monitoring of European bison ...

The European bison (Bison bonasus) is the largest mammal in Europe. Restitution of the European bison population was carried out in the Białowieża Primeval Forest by several generations of biologists, veterinary surgeons, foresters and scientists. In 1963, the first five animals (four cows and one bull) of the Lowland-Caucasian line were brought to the Bieszczady Mountains from enclosures in Pszczyna and Niepołomice. All individuals, placed in a quarantine enclosure in the forest district Stuposiany, were released into the natural environment in 1964. Since that time, the population of European bison increased and reached 550 individuals in 2018...[full text in English...]

Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska M., et. al

Antibacterial activity of lavender essential oil ...

The dynamic development of microbiology and medicine has advanced the study of pharmacology, veterinary medicine and the production of therapeutic agents. Although most medicines are produced by chemical synthesis, there has been a gradual increase of interest in the use of biologically active substances of plant origin in therapy and the prevention of a number of diseases (13, 19). Interest is also related to the fact that synthetic substances are characterised by many adverse effects and reduced effectiveness in the treatment of bacterial infections. Their reduced effectiveness can be attributed to the emergence of strains resistant to antibiotics, which is why it is necessary to search for substances with antimicrobial action (14, 19). With regard to the growing role of substances of plant origin in the treatment of infections of different aetiology, essential oils deserve special attention. This applies in particular to the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia, which has antiseptic properties...[full text in English...]

Yavuz O., et. al

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia (FBPN) is a lung inflammation characterized by the presence of an abundant fibrin mass in the inflammatory exudate. It can be found in domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and pigs. Bacterial agents, such as Pasteurella spp., Mannheimia spp. and Mycoplasma spp. are known to cause FBPN in sheep (21). Although pneumonia is histologically known as the inflammation of the lung alveoli, lung inflammation is termed pneumonia as a general concept. With regard to the pathogenesis, morphology and the spread of pneumonia in the ...[full text in English...]